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The East End of London, also known simply as the East End, is an area of London, England, east of the Roman and medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames. Although not defined by universally accepted formal boundaries, the River Lea can be considered another boundary.〔The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X – p.582 "East End the part of London east of the City as far as the River Lea, including the Docklands".〕 For the purposes of his book, ''East End Past'', Richard Tames regards the area as coterminous with the London Borough of Tower Hamlets: however, he acknowledges that this narrow definition excludes parts of southern Hackney, such as Shoreditch and Hoxton, which many would regard as belonging to the East End.〔Tames 2004.〕 Others again, such as Alan Palmer, would extend the area across the Lea to include parts of the London Borough of Newham;〔''The East End'' Alan Palmer, (John Murray, London 1989) ISBN 0-7195-5666-X〕 while parts of the London Borough of Waltham Forest and London Borough of Hackney are also sometimes included. It is universally agreed, however, that the East End is to be distinguished from East London, which covers a much wider area. Use of the term East End in a pejorative sense began in the late 19th century,〔''Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names'' A Mills (2000)〕 as the expansion of the population of London led to extreme overcrowding throughout the area and a concentration of poor people and immigrants.〔From 1801 to 1821, the population of Bethnal Green more than doubled and by 1831 had trebled (see table in population section). These newcomers were principally weavers. For further details, see Andrew August ''Poor Women's Lives: Gender, Work, and Poverty in Late-Victorian London'' pp 35-6 (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999) ISBN 0-8386-3807-4〕 The problems were exacerbated with the construction of St Katharine Docks (1827)〔By the early 19th century, over 11,000 people were crammed into insanitary slums in an area, which took its name from the former Hospital of St Catherine that had stood on the site since the 12th century.〕 and the central London railway termini (1840–1875) that caused the clearance of former slums and rookeries, with many of the displaced people moving into the East End. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease and criminality.〔 The East End developed rapidly during the 19th century. Originally it was an area characterised by villages clustered around the City walls or along the main roads, surrounded by farmland, with marshes and small communities by the River, serving the needs of shipping and the Royal Navy. Until the arrival of formal docks, shipping was required to land its goods in the Pool of London, but industries related to construction, repair, and victualling of ships flourished in the area from Tudor times. The area attracted large numbers of rural people looking for employment. Successive waves of foreign immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century.〔(Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836 ), ''A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green'' (1998), pp. 91–5. Date accessed: 17 April 2007〕 They were followed by Irish weavers,〔''Irish in Britain'' John A. Jackson, p. 137–9, 150 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964)〕 Ashkenazi Jews〔(The Jews ), ''A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth Century'' (1969), pp. 149–51. Date accessed: 17 April 2007〕 and, in the 20th century, Bangladeshis.〔(''The Spatial Form of Bangladeshi Community in London's East End'' Iza Aftab ) (UCL) (particularly background of Bangladeshi immigration to the East End). Date accessed: 17 April 2007〕 Many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and poor conditions throughout the East End. This brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century. The radicalism of the East End contributed to the formation of the Labour Party, and Sylvia Pankhurst based campaigns for women's votes in the area and organised the first Communist Party in England here. Official attempts to address the overcrowded housing began at the beginning of the 20th century under the London County Council. The Second World War devastated much of the East End, with its docks, railways and industry forming a continual target for bombing, especially during the Blitz, leading to dispersal of the population to new suburbs and new housing being built in the 1950s.〔 The closure of the last of the East End docks in the Port of London in 1980 created further challenges and led to attempts at regeneration and the formation of the London Docklands Development Corporation. The Canary Wharf development, improved infrastructure, and the Olympic Park〔(''Olympic Park: Legacy'' ) (London 2012) accessed 20 September 2007〕 mean that the East End is undergoing further change, but some parts continue to contain some of the worst poverty in Britain.〔Chris Hammett ''Unequal City: London in the Global Arena'' (2003) Routledge ISBN 0-415-31730-4〕 ==Origin and scope== The term 'East End' was first applied to the districts immediately to the east of, and entirely outside, the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames; these included Whitechapel and Stepney. The East End began with the medieval growth of London beyond the walls, mainly along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Growth was much slower in the east, and the modest extensions on this side were separated from the much larger extensions in the west by the marshy open area of Moorfields adjacent to the wall on the north side which discouraged development in that direction. Building accelerated in the 1500s and the area that would later become known East End began to take shape. In 1720 John Strype gives us our first record of the East End as a distinct entity when he describes London as consisting of four parts: The City of London, Westminster, Southwark and "That Part Beyond the Tower". Moorfields wasn't developed until 1777-1812 and the longstanding presence of that open space separating the east and west urban expansions of London must have helped shape the varying economic character of the two parts and perceptions of their distinct identity (see map below). By the late 19th century, the East End roughly corresponded to the Tower division of Middlesex, which from 1900 formed the metropolitan boroughs of Stepney, Bethnal Green, Poplar and Shoreditch in the County of London. Today it corresponds to the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the southern part of Hackney.〔 Parts of the London boroughs of Newham and Waltham Forest, formerly in an area of Essex known as 'London over the border', are sometimes considered to be in the East End.〔('Londoners Over the Border', in ''Household Words'' Charles Dickens 390 ) 12 September 1857 (Newham archives) accessed 18 September 2007〕 However, the River Lea is usually considered to be the eastern boundary of the East End〔 and this definition would exclude the boroughs, but place them in east London.〔Fishman (1998) defines the boundaries as being Tower Hamlets and the southern part of Hackney. By contrast, Palmer (2000), writing about a later period, includes the dock areas of Newham.〕 This extension of the term further east is due to the 'diaspora' of East Enders who moved to West Ham about 1886〔(''West Ham: Introduction'', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 43-50 ) accessed: 23 February 2008〕 and East Ham about 1894〔(''Becontree hundred: East Ham'', A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 1-8 ) 18 September 2007〕 to service the new docks and industries established there. In the inter-war period, migration occurred to new estates built to alleviate conditions in the East End, in particular at Becontree and Harold Hill, or out of London entirely. The extent of the East End has always been difficult to define. When Jack London came to London in 1902 his Hackney carriage driver did not know the way and he observed, ''"Thomas Cook and Son, path-finders and trail-clearers, living sign-posts to all the World.... knew not the way to the East End".''〔Jack London, ''The People of the Abyss'' (1903). 〕 Many East Enders are 'Cockneys', although this term has both a geographic and a linguistic connotation. A traditional definition is that to be a Cockney, one had to be born within the sound of Bow Bells, situated in Cheapside. In general, the sound pattern would cover most of the City, and parts of the near East End such as Aldgate and Whitechapel, but it is unlikely that the bells would have been heard in the docklands. In practice, with Royal London the only maternal hospital nearby, today few would be born in the area. Its linguistic use is more identifiable, with lexical borrowings from Yiddish, Romani, and costermonger slang, and a distinctive accent that features T-glottalization, a loss of dental fricatives and diphthong alterations, amongst others. The accent is said to be a remnant of early English London speech, modified by the many immigrants to the area.〔''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'' Ed. Tom McArthur (Oxford University Press, 2005)〕 The Cockney accent has suffered a long decline, beginning with the introduction in the 20th century of received pronunciation, and the more recent adoption of Estuary English, which itself contains many features of Cockney English.〔(''Estuary English'' David Rosewarne ) ''Times Educational Supplement'', (19 October 1984) accessed 20 November 2007〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「East End of London」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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